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KN{ u}p{¨|=l{¨ N{¨Z¨=i=o¾ 1922 \¢±t=im{¨ 4p{ _¶b¥ð d} ìø_{ N{a{ Ûf}m{=k{= @l¨=b¢. p{¨| _{Þöb{=Û\{¨nN{¨ N{öQ¢d{ zt=_}d{=o¾ d¶d{¨ p{¨c{Úp{¨¨Ï^¡. p{¨| _{=Û\¢Q}m{¨ ztªm{l{¨ÚQ}m{¨ zt=Q¥_{Êín¨. p{¨¬b{=Q{= N{ª\} p}l¨=T¶p}m{¨. Ûzec}d{=Q} p}m{¨ _{m{=Q{ Q}d{=o¾ Ûze_¶ÚN{ N{¬~r T¶~td{p}m{¨. d¶\{¨ _{m{=Q{ Q}d{=o¾ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{¨¹o²d{p}m{¨ T}o| p{¨=b¢ p}m¢d{¨=\¢ úx{^f»=b¢d{p}m¶.

@l¨_¶ p{¨| _{=Û\¢Q}m{¨ zt=u}m{ ìø_{=o¾ @î ðÞm¢Ðze=Q} D=\¶p}m{¨. B=ÞZ¾ D=Z· Vze= T¶zt¨N¼=Z© D=\{\{=, il{¨ZN{¨f½_¶ I IN} üno¾d¾, k{Vd{ N}nx¶f}no¾d¾, _{=p{¨l{¨¨¹o² Q}d{= T¶Ðztª D=\{\{=, B=_¶ p}m¢ ìø_{ øc}d{=. zt=u}m{ j}c{Ú_{nd{¨ øztÙ m¢Ðzt¨d}Ôm{ð i=c{¨p{¦n=_} øp{¨m¢à=T¶p}m{¨ Al{¨ðÔ.

p{¨| _{=Û\¢Q}m¢ øzrl{¨=o¾ d} j}nÚzt¬Ùî KN{Z¡ Hze¦Õ\{© p{¨d{zt¨âN¢ _{\{¨_{ª p{¦=Z¨=b¢. p{¨¬b{=Q{= ùze¦d{ N{ËZ¨N¼ð, d{d{¨Ô k{¨V= ù¨b{ HN¢Á=T{¨N¼ð, H=_{ b{ªm{¹p²¨d} HN{Á\{ k{Q{p{_{â=N¥Ðm{d{= Vm¢Q¢_¶, @ÍN¢ÁN¢ üVm{l¨, _}d{¨ p{¨¬b{=Q{= p}l¨Ðztª, f}\{¨_{ª, d}T¶_{ d{¬_{Ú= T¶l¨Ðztª D=\¶p}m{¨. d}Z¡ d} b¢p{Ú ztßm{ªze=, d{¬_{Ú= @=b{m¢N¢ p{¨¨T{ÆZ N¼n¨ze¦_{ª D=\¶ø. A m¾íÞo¾ "j}nk{m{_{¨\{¨" @ð @=b{m{ª p{¨¨Òb{¨Q} ~eöT¶p}m{¨. Hd¾Ô i=Q}m{¨ ze_{N}n¨, izv§p{¨_{¨n¨ N{ª\} @zeÕÞZ¾ nô=T}l¨. A j}nÚze¦ m¾íno¾d¶ øq{ßb}_{ N}ûd}c{¨ð d}Q¶q{ßm{m}p{¦ ze=_{¨n¨Q}m¢ b{m{àd{= T¶zt¨N¼d{Ô p{¨c{¨m{zt¬Ùî D=b¢.

d} zeb{N¼=\{p{ l¶¨Z p{¨| _{=\¢Q}m{¨ N}nc{m{Ù= T²=b¶m{¨. çp{m¢m¾íÞo¾ Al{¨d{ d{d{¨Ô b{ÃQ{m¢N¢ ïzt¨N¼ð, zt=Q¥_{ øb{Úo¾ _{m¢=T{ p{n~td{b¢Q} Ab¶úÐztª D=\¶p}m{¨. p{¨| _{=Û\¢Q}m¢ l{¨|p{Èìø_{ __{ze>zgnp¶¨_ d} @k{¨Úb{ l{¨|ðN¢ N}m{^= @ð d} d{p{¨ÙN{=.

p{¨| _{=Û\¢Q}m{¨ f½l¨d{_{m{¨p}_{ d} T{b{¨p{¦ zt=c{Ún¨ îd{ÔQ} Vm{Q{ o¶b{¨. b{¬Ë~r Hze¦Õ\{© AZ f}Znù¨b{ D=\¶b¢. p{¨| N{¨Z¨=i= @=_} p{¨| p¶¨d{p{¨|= m}Úö ~eçÆ m}p{¨l{¨ÚQ}m¢ zt='m{x{^ ÛN¢=b{N{¨ p{çÆ=b¢.

çp{m¢ m¾íno¾ _{=Û\¢Q}m{¨ T²~eÕd{ p{¨|Zn¨ Hze¦Õ\{© _{nze¦N¢ p{Ðztª D=\¶ø. I¹p²¨d} ztm¶ zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú u}c¢=T}ö @ð d}o¾ d¶d{¨ q{zea{= T¶zt¨N{¨=Z© D=\¶p}Ï^¡. T{¨ËZ¨ÛzeN{Án¨d{Ô T}o|p{¨=b¢ zt=Q¥_{ øb}ß='zt¨nd{¨ AÛq{l¨=T}d{¨ úx{^N¾zt=. @l¨_¶ Q{¨m{¨N{¨np}zt b¥x{N{¨ d}Z¡ d} j}nÚ Ûzep{¬Ðî _{ËZ¨N¾o¶N{f½l¨=b¢. @=_{Z¡_¾ I øc{¹p²¨d{ øb}Ú p}Úzt=Q{= o¶N{ l¶¨b¾ N}nx¶ze= c¾m{^¡o¾ ze\¢=b¢ ìø_{=. C zem¢Ñ~t_{¨no¾ KN{ zt=Q¥_{ ztp{¨|p¶q{=o¾ d¶d{©, d} zt=Q¥_{= H=_¾ d{p{¦ßnf}np{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢. d}Z¡d{¨=\¢ KN¶ p¶b{d{ Ûf}m{=k{= @l¨=b¢. "zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú u}c¢=T}ö. _{=Û\¢Q}m¢ A_{ÙN{¨ q}=î N{ö=Q¢=T}ö. d{d{¨Ô @zeüztÚ= T¶~td{p}m¢ð zt=Q¥_{ øb{Úo¾d¶ ÛzeïN}m{= T¶l{¨|ö." Bb¶ ðm{=_{m{ c}Úzt.

d}Z¡N¢ A=Ûc{b¶q{=o¾ I¹N²N{ zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}n øVl{¨d{Q{m{='o¾ p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ D=b¢. p{¨üp{¨zv§n¨ Ûû Ab¢k{ÞZ d}m}l{¨^b}zt¨Q}m{¨, Ûû b}ßm{= p²=N{Z u}ßø¨d}l{¨¨\{¨Q}m{¨ p²¨¨b{¹o²d{ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{ øVl{¨d{Q{m{ zt=Q¥_{ øb}ß='zt¨n N¥Ðm¢ j}nÚp{¨¨ d{¨=\¢ N{ª\} _²öl{¨\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢. zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú øVl{¨ d{Q{m{ zt=Q¥_{N{w}q}no¾d¶ u}c{d{ T¶l{¨|ö. Q{_{Ú=_{m{= o¶b{¨. øVl{¨d{Q{m{= p²w{äZ|ðN¢ _{Q¢d{ Ûf½_}âzv= l¨=ÞZ¾ nô=T¶ Aq{ o¶N{f½l¨d{b¢.

B=ÞZ¾ Hp{m¢N¥ _²öl{¨N{¨=\} T¶îd{¨d{Ô i=Q}m{¨ D=Q{m{= øÛN{l¨=ç Au»p{¨¨Ù zeËZ¨N¼ð øVl{¨d{Q{m{= T¶m{¨N¼d}Ôd{¨. ztm¢Q} A ztp{¨l{¨|ðN¢ zt=Q¥_{ N}o¶ë p¶ztø ±tnp{n p{¨©n='Q} p{¨©l{¨i\¢ D=b¢. @=_¶N}N{¨=\} d¶d{¨ øVl{¨d{Q{m{=o¾ ðnb¼N{¨ÁN{¨ð N}o¶ìo¾ ztÛN{p{¨='Q} Ûzep¶ú=T{\}ðN¢ N{ª\} H=_¾ ÛzeîN{ªn p}_}p{m{^= Im{Õ\¢=b¢.

BZ¨p{=Z¡ ðm{¨_}âzv zem¢Ñ~t_{¨no¾ Ûû zeÛZ|l{¨ð £t_}m}p{¨q}#~tQ}m¢ b{m{àd{= T¶µtd{¨. Ûû q}#~tQ}m{¨ zt=Q¥_{N{w}q}no¾ Q}Û_{ze=\¢_{¨n¨Q} p{¦d}Ôm{¨. Ûû q}#~tQ}m¢ð A Ûf}=_{=o¾ @=b{m{¨ p}m{¨ u}nªm{¨ çd{Q{¨m{¨p{¦Q}m{d¶ p}m{¨ (p}m¢ _{=Û\¢Am{¨ ±eÒb{Q{¨m{¨p{¦Q}m{¨). u}nªm{¨ ÛQ}p{¨=o¾ @=_{N{¨ ze«m{ß= T}o| N}np{¨¨d{¨=ç zt=Q¥_{ f}[{q}n d²nN¼öÕ H=_¾ p{¨=b¢ øb}ÚÑm{¨nN{¨ p{¦ç_{=Q} zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú p{¦zeb¶úÐztª D=\¶p}m{¨. Ûû q}#~tQ}m{¨ øVl{¨d{Q{m{ zt=Q¥_{N{w}q}no¾ Ûzep¶ú=ç @zeÕZ¡N¢ N¼Òb¢N}np¶¨ @l¨=b¢.

Ûû q}#~tQ}m{¨ d}T¶_{ f}\¢=ç, d} Q}Û_{= øð H=_¾ p{¨¨ÓQ{¨nl¶¨m{¨. d{d{©Ô, d} zem¢Ñ~t_{¨nð _²n¨zt¨N¼d}Ôm{¨. zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú l²¨\{n d}N{¨ Q{n ïÛp{¹p²¨d{ AN}=x{d{¨ @Ñm{= T¶zt¨N¼d}Ôm{¨. d{d{¨Ô ztm{ßøc}o| Ûf½_{â ~v=ç d}o¾ ¹c²m{Ú= N{öQ¢=T¶m{¨. Ûû q}#~tQ}m¢ Q}d{=, p}m¢ p{¨©Ðm¢ p{¨=_{=, u¿=l{¨_{ d{d{¨Ô Ûzein='Q} AN{ám¢=T¶l¨. "Q{¨m{¨p{¦" @d{Ô p{¨|Z Ûû q}#~tQ}m¢ l²¨\{nd¶ u}Ñm{N{p{¨l¨=b{ð~e=ç=b¢. d}Z¡d{¨=\¶ p}m¢ ztðÔc¢o¾ zt=Q¥_{ u}c{d{ Ûf}m{=ô=T¶d{¨.

øVl{¨d{Q{m{=o¾ð B=ÞQ¥zr¨, zt='zt¬Á_{=, zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}nn øb}ÚÑm{¨nN{¨ N¼ðÔ p{=b{n p{¨=b¢N¢ p{¨üm}W|p}m¢ ztÛ_{=o¾ k¾Vd{ p{ztî N{öÕ=T{ i\¢=b¢. d¶d{¨ zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}no¾ Ûzep¶ú=ç, ztÛ_{=o¾ k¾Vd{ze¦ l¶¨m}ÕZ¨ @l¶¨ zem{Ú=_{m{= ìø_{= Q{\{zeZ= I øc{=Q} @d¶ ztp{¨ztÚ l¶¨m{Õ\¢=b¢.

Ad}Z¡N¢ l¨=N} zt='zt¬Á_{ øb}ÚÑm{¨n¨ p{¨c{ªN{m{= T¶l{¨\{=, p}m}n¨ T¶zt¨N¾p{\{= @d¶b¢ T}o| ztzvV= @d¶ k}ø=zei\{¨_{ª D=\¶b¢.

p²¨¨ËZ p²¨¨b{Z p{¨c{ªN{m{ze¦ W¾o² k{¨W|d{ p¶zt¨N¼ð îm¢Q¢d{ Am¾í @d{¨k{p{= Hd{ÔZ¡N¢ p{¨m{ze¦m}b{¨.\\ \\ I¹p²¨d} d}\{¨ l¶¨ _{Þö p²¨¨b{Z¡ N{iw{= d} W¾o²o¾ p¶~t=b¾ Ap²¨ A p}_{ânÚ ze«m¢_{¹p²¨d{ ôx{ d}N{¨ @˺±rq{ßm}Ún_¾ N{ª\¢d{ k{øzrÚÐ_{¨d¶ Ûzeu}b¢=çd{b¢.

±tnp{¦n¨ ze«Ðm¢ @l¨d{ _{m{¨p}_{ d¶d{¨ zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}no¾ Ûzep¶ú=T{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢ d}Z¡ zt=Q¥_{N{w}q}n Û~e=~tf}n¨ Ûû b}ßm{= p²=N{Zu}ßø¨ d}l{¨¨\{¨Q}m{¨ d} zt=Q¥_{ _ÊW|d{=_ zem¥x¢=ç, d} Q}Û_{= zt¨q{m¥m{=Q} ðÏm{ l¨=ç d{d{¨Ô Q}Û_{ zt=Q¥_{p¶¨ u}c{d{ T¶l{¨p{n~t=b{ð Ûf½_{â~v=T¶m{¨. o¶ð zex{=o¾ d¶d{¨ p{l²¨¨ö= øb}ÚÑm¢Q} T¶m¢ D=\¶p}\¢d¶p²©. Am¾íÞo¾ A p}_}p{m{^=o¾ Ûû d}l{¨¨\¢Q}m¢ úzr¨Únð @ð~e=T{¨N¾p{\{= Q¼zeÕQ} k}ø=zei\¶b¢.

p{¨| Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ £t_}m}p{¨q}#~tQ}m¢ ztp{¨x{=o¾ Am{¨ zt=p{_{âm{p{¨¨n¨ b¥x{Q} q}#£tl{¨ zt=Q¥_{= @k{Ú~t=ç N{w}q}n zem¥x{ ðçÆ ze«íÚn¨ b}ßm{= p²=N{Zu}ßø¨d}l{¨¨\{¨Q}m¢ d{¨=\¢ N{w}q}n zeËZp{¨¨ f»=b¶d{¨. øb}ÚÑm¢ b{q{o¾d¶ Q{p{m{Ôp²¨=Z¨ zt=Q¥_{ zem¥x{no¾ zvl{¨Úm{¨zem¥x{o¾ N{ª\} DÐïÏm{¨\{d{l¶¨Úd{¨.

p{¨| Q{¨m{¨p{¦n Dzeb¶q{ p{¨ü_{ÙÚ= p{nd{ zt=Q¥_{ øb{Ú nx{Ú, nx{^p{¨¨ o¶N{¨=\} N}N{¨=\} d}b{q{¨Ób¢, q{¬îq{¨Ób¢ Im{ÕÍ\}l¨. Q{¨m{¨p{¦Q}m{¨ øb}ÚÑm{¨n o¾ð k}p{d}q{ÐN¢ð, ðm}Ù^}_{ÙN{¹p²¨d{ q{ÐN¢ð, u}ß_{=Û_}ÚðÔ, m{zt b{¬Ë~rð Ûf½_{â~v=T¶p}m{¨. p}m¢ Ûzek}p{p{¨¨ p{nd{d¶ k{øzrÚÐ_{¨o¾ d} zt=Q¥_}ðN¢ KN{ øúËzr_{, Ûze_¶ÚN{ p{ÚÐN¢_{ß= Im{ÕÍ\}l¨.

d¶d{¨ zt=Q¥_{N{w}q}n ø\¢ç±eËZ¡d{ d}Z¡N¢ ÛzeÐzt¨_{= øVl{¨p}\{ zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}n @c{Úx{¨n¨ Ûû d¶b{¨d{©m¢ N{¬Ïzrp{¨©Ðm¢, ù^ øb}ß='zt¨n¨ Ûû @l{¨ÚQ}m¢ u½p¶¨q{ßm{m}p{¦, ¹±vb{m}j}b{¨ zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}n Û~e=~tf}o+ Ûû d{©N{n çd{ zt_{Úd}m}l{¨^, Ûû Vd{Q}= A=Vd¶l{¨¨n¨ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ d¶Z¡ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{ øb}ß='zt¨n¨ T}o|p{¨=b¢ øb}ÚÑm¢ b{q{o¾d¶ D=\¶p}m{¨. zt=Q¥_{ N{w}q}n zeËZ= f»=b¢ øVl{¨d{Q{m{= ø\¢ç±eËZ· _{m{¨^=o¾ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{ zvm¢N{a{N{¨n¨ Ûû T¼zeÕÞö ztªm{Úd}m}l{¨^ k}Q{p{_}m{¨Q}m{¨ d}T¶_{ KN{ zt=Q¥_{ ztk{ Im}ÕZ¨ T¶l¨=T}m{¨. d}Z¡ ztk}ztm¢ AZf}Zn p¶¨Z¡ Ûûp{¨b{Êí \}b¢k{ÞZ d}m}l{¨^ b}zt¨Q}m{¨ d}N{¨ KN{ _{=iªm} izv©N{m¢=T}m{¨. Am¾í ðV=Q} d} ìø_{=o¾ KN{ zem{ßb¢d{=.

d} øVl{¨d{Q{m{ ìø_{=o¾ Hd{Ô\{© p{¨m{¨p{o¶ð p{ÚÐN¢ Ûûp{¨î ztm¢b² nxù¨d{m{ztp{¨Ù (N{w}p{m{¨ m¢=Q{¨). øb}ÚÑm¢ b{q{o¾ Ap²¨ d} l²¨\{n N{d{zem¢Æd{ Ab{m}ôp{¨|d{p{¨¨n¨ Hd{Ô\{© p{¨m{¨p{o¶d{¨.

zt=Q¥_{ øb{Úo¾ zeËZk{Ûb{¨\{ d{l¨d{ _{m{¨p}_{ ztßÛQ}p{¨= T¶m{¨N¼ð A=Ûc{b¶q{=o¾ zen¨_}p{¦Þo¾ Ûûm}p{¨d{p{ø¨, q}m{b}d{p{m}Û_{¨n¨, Q{^zeî d{p{m}Û_{¨n¨ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ D_{âp{ N}m{ÚÛN{p{¨|no¾, øp}zv p{¨±v©_{âp}nÞo¾d{© zt=Q¥_{ N{T¶m¥n¨ @d¶N{= T¶u}d{¨.

Am¾íÞo¾d¶ ze«ín¨ p}ÃQ¶l{¨N}m{¨¹o²d{ Ûû zvm¢ d}Q{k{ªzr^=Q}m{¨, Ûû f}m{¨zeÞö m}p{¨N{¬Ïzrl{¨Ú ze=_{¨n¨Q}m{¨, Ûû ÛN¾ð zt_{Úd}m}l{¨^Q}m{¨, Ûû p}m{^}~t ÛizvÙl{¨Ú q}#~tQ}m{¨ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{ øb}ß='zt¨n Aûm}ßb}n¨ f»=b{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢. _{m{¨p}_{ N¼=_{N}o|ðN¢ p{¨Ûb}zt¨ T¶m¢d{ _{m{¨p}_{ N{ª\} Ao+ B=\¢l{¨| m¶\¢l²©o¾ d¶d{¨ T}o| N}n= q}#£tl{¨ zt=Q¥_{ N}m{ÚÛN{p{¨|o¶ l¨T¶Æp}\¢ð.

@l¨_¶ N¶p{n= zt=Q¥_{ N{T¶m¥n ¹±ed{d¶ Ac}m{ze\¢ ìø_{= Q{\{ze\{= b{¨m{Øm{p{¨ð~e=ç=b¢. A=Ûc{ b¶q{=o¾ zt=Q¥_{ N{T¶m¥nN{d{Ô d}ZN{ Ûzeb{m{àd{nª zvm¢N{a{o¶ AÑm¢N{=Q} o|k{b}l{¨N{=Q} N{d{ze\¢=b¢. j}nÚ=d{¨=ç d{¬_{Ú=o¾d{¨, d}ZN{ N{w{o¾d{© @ôm{¨ç D=\{Z=T¶_{ ztßl{¨=Q} KN{ d}ZN{ ztp{¨|W|ðÔ Ñu}~e=ç d}ZN{ Ûzeb{m{àd{n¨ Bp{ßZ= Ûf}m{=ô=T¶d{¨. @zeÕÞZ¾ zt¨Ûze~tÓb{ ˵të d{ZN{¨n¨ Ûû @Òb{=N¢ Ûûm}p{¨p{¨©Ðm¢, Ûû f}m{¨zeÞö zt¨j}×m}p{¦, Ûû f}m{¨zeÞö zt_{Úd}m}l{¨^, Ûû ztªm¢j}i¨, Ûû m{zR¨m}p{¨l{¨Ú, Ûû ze¦öf}Z¡ p¶=N{Z·q{ßÞm{¨, Ûû £eztf}Z¡ d{m{~t=zvp{¨©Ðm¢ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ ±eÒb{n_¾ zem¢T{l{¨= @l¨, _{m{¨p}_{ ùm¢o¾ N¼=_{p{¨=b¢_¾ N{ö~t d}ZN}no¾ d{Z¡=T¶ @p{N}q{= N{ª\{ N{öQ¢=b¢. @zeÕÞZ¾ KN{p{¨|m{¨ A=Ûc{ d}ZN{ N{w} zem¢zrÐ_{¨o¾ N{ª\} f}Ão¼d{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢. p{¨m¾ ze¦zrÁm{= b}Z·N{ A=Ûc{ d}ZN{ N{w} zem¢zrÐ_{¨ p}m{¨ d{d{¨Ô zt=p{¨|ð=T{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢.

zt=Q¥_{ ztk{n¨ T¶Ðztª, d}ZN}n¨ A\{¨_{ª zt=Q¥_{ úx@^n¨ l¨Ðztª AÑm¢N{=Q} zt_{p{¨_{p{¨p{¦_{¨d{Ô ztp{¨l{¨=o¾d¶ Ûzeze=T{= @=_} l{¨¨Ób{ p}_}p{m{^=o¾ p{¨¨ðQ¢=b¢. k}m{_{b¶q{= zem{Ûzek{¨_}ßðN¢ b}ztÚ= T¶Ðztª D=b¢. p{¨d{ d}l{¨N{¨n¨ @=b{m{¨ ¹W³w{äo¾ Ûp{¨ÃQ{¨_{ª Dd}Ôm{¨. W|ïl{¨ N}=ÛQ²zt¨ Quit India ïm}Ùd{= T¶~t=b¢. m}VN¥l{¨=Q} b¶q{p{¨=_{Z| Db¢ßQ{Ô zem¢Ñ~tî Im{Õ\¢=b¢. 1942 o¾ AQ{Ëzt¨o¾ b¶q{= d{n¨p{¨©no| N}m¢ÆT{¨Æp{o² øÞzep¾b{Úp{¨= T²nm¶Q¢=b¢.

d} p{ÚÐN¢Q{_{ ìø_{=, d} N{¨Z¨=i j}c{Ú_{ d} zt=Q¥_{ u}c{d{ @ñÔ b¶q{ k{ø_{p{Ú= b{¬Ës}Ú T}o| @nÕ=Q} N{ð~e=T¶l¨. d¶d{¨ l¶¨d}\{© l¶¨ m}VN¥l{¨ Db{Úp{¨|Þo¾d{© @=_{p{m{N{ª f}Ão¼d{Ôp}Ï^¡N}b{¨. I øc{¹p²¨d{ m}VN¥l{¨ øc}d}n¨ _²ö~td{ p}Ï^¤ N}b{¨. @l¨_¶ KN{Z· @p{¨|l{¨N{¹p²¨d{ Ap¶q{= N{öQ¢=b¢. b¶q{= l{¨¨p{N{¨n ¹c²m{Úu}zvu}nd{¨, _}ÚQ}ðÔ N¾m{¨_{ª D=b¢. Ûzeî l{¨¨p{N{¨\{© @Ñm{=, p{¨|d{=, Ûf}^= Azv§î T¶l{¨p{n~td{ ztp{¨l{¨= p{çÆ=b¢. I¹p²¨d} N}ð l¨=_{N{=Z· k}m{_{ f¿m{¨\{¨Q} p¶m¶ N{Ðm{p{Ú= d}N{¨ o¶b{¨. C Ap¶q{=_¾d¶ T}np{¨=b¢ ø¨Û_{¨n_¾ d}Z¡ AQ{Ëzt¨ Db{Úp{¨=o¾ f}Ão¼d}Ôd{¨. zgö_{=Q} d}Z¡ zem{Ûzek{¨_{ß= zeb{¨d²ðø¨b¢ p{¨|u}n¨ N}m}Q}m{ úx@ øc¢=ç=b¢.

¹W³n¨ ìø_{= d}N{¨ Hd¾Ô øc}n¨Q} p{¨±v©zeN}m{= T¶~t=b¢. N{Ðm{p{Ú b¥x@, Ñ~tm{ zt=N{nÕ=, ðl{¨p{¨iÓb{¹p²¨d{ ìø_{=, d¶d{¨ ¹W³n¨ ìø_{= Q{\¢~e d{ze¦Õ\¶ @Ñm{= T¶zt¨N{¨d}Ôd{¨.

¹W³n¨o¾ Dd{Ôze¦Õ\¶ Ûû Q¾f}nm²Í\¢Q}m{¨, Ûû f»ËZ¡ Ûûm}p{¨¨n¨Q}m{¨, Ûû B.S. p{¨©Ðm¢Q}m{¨, Ûû Hm¶Ôð zt¨ÛizvÙ=l{¨=Q}m{¨ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ d}l{¨N{¨n u}zvT{m{Ú= nô=ç=b¢.

¹W³n¨d{¨=\¢ ø\{¨b{n f»=b¢d{ _{m{¨p}_{ d}o¾ I øc{¹p²¨d{ m}VN¥l{¨|n Ûzek}p{= ø¨Q{no¶b{¨. p{¨w}ä d} ztzvV p{¨d{>Ñ~tîo¾ ze\¢, d} zt=Q¥_{ u}c{d{o¾d{©, d}ZN{ Ûzeb{m{àd{o¾d{© m¾ín¨ Q{\{ze\{= Ûf}m{=ô=T¶d{¨.

C m¾íno¾d¶ d¶d{¨ øp}zv= T¶zt¨N¼d{\{= Vm¢Q¢=b¢. d} Ûûp{¨î u}zvT{m{Ú= d} Aq{n, Ab{m}àn u}zgo|ÚðN¢ d}=b¥ p}N{Ú= zeöN¢=b¢.

p{¨| @Ð_{p}m¢ ÛQ}p{¨= ±eb{ze¦öp{æy¨o¾ Ûûp{¨|= ztp{¨¨Ûb}n m}zRp}T}m{¨Únp}m¢ zem¢T{l{¨= N{öQ¢=b¢. A d}Z¡N¶ Ûûp{¨|= m}zRp}T}m{¨Ún¨Q}m{¨ ~tðp{¨| zem¢Ûq{p{¨o¾ Ûzep{¨¨O¨n¨Q} D=Z¨d}Ôm{¨. p}m¢ Ab{m{^_¾d{©, Ûf½_}âzv=_¾d{© d¶d{¨ ~tðp{¨| zem¢Ûq{p{¨N{¨ 1944 o¾ zem¢T{l{¨= T¶l{¨iÍ\}d{¨. @d{î N}n=o¾d¶ ~tðp{¨| zem¢Ûq{p{¨ d{d{¨Ô Q{¨Ðm¢=ç=b¢. zt=Q¥_{ b{m{àN{¨ðQ}, d¶zea{ÚQ}l{¨N{¨ðQ}, @q¶zr A=Ûc{ÛzeW|ñN{= @d{=l{¨¹p²¨d{ Ûµep{¨|d{¨m}Q}n¨ d} l²¨\{n T{ª~e=ç=b¢. d}Z¡d{¨=\¢ d¶Z¡p{m{N{¨ N{w}N}m{¨ðQ}, d} N{¬~rñ, u}c{d{d{© b¶q{= Ûf½_{â~vÐztªd¶ D=b¢. d{d{¨Ô T{ª\{Z|ðN¢, d} zt=Q¥_{= ød{\}ðN¢ ÛzeVn¨ T{ª~eÐzt¨d{Ô AztÐN¢N¢, d} _N{¬_{ÊV_{_ _²öl{¨zem{¨ÆN¼=Z© D=Z|d{¨.Hze¦Õ\{© b{xB^ k}m{_{ b¶q{=o¾ zeÞo²no¾d{©, zeËZ^}no¾d{© N{ª\} m{~tN{¨n Hb{¨Z N¼ðÔp¶n N{T¶m¥n¨ T¶~t Dd}Ôd{¨. @d¶N{ ÛzeW|zt=Ñztn¨, N{w} zt=Ñztn¨ d}l²¨\{n zt=p{¨|d}n¨ T¶µtl¨. @=_¶ N}N{¨=\} Ûzep{¨¨O m}VN¥l{¨d}l{¨N{¨n ztp{¨x@=o¾d{© b¶q{p{¨=Û_{¨n ztðÔc¢o¾d{©N{ª\{ d¶d{¨ Q}d{= T¶~t p}m¢ p{¨d{Ôd{n d{=b{¨N¼d¶ @p{N}q{= N{öQ¢=b¢. p{¨Ûb}zt¨ p{¨|ì Q{p{m{Ôm{¨ ÛûÛû ÛzeN}q{ m}ËÜzrzeî Ûû m}c}N{¬Ïzr ze=\¢_{¨n ztðÔc¢ð Q}d{= T¶l{¨Q{nQ{\{= d} @b{¬Ëzr=Q} k}øÐzt¨d}Ôd{¨.

b{ÃQ{m{Q} d{©m{¨ çÛ_}nN{¨ zt=Q¥_{ b{m{àN{_{ß= p{~v=T¶d{¨. 8 p¶n f}Zn¨ ¹±eQ} øøc{ k}zrno¾ ~tðp{¨| f}Zn¨ f}\¢ m¢N}Ím{¨ T¶l{¨i\¢ Dd}Ôl¨.

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@l¨_¶ ~tñp{¨| p{ÚÐN¢Q} c{d{ zt=f}b{d{T¶Ðztª, @q¶zr ÛzeVnd{¨ AN{ám¢Ðztª, Ad{=b¢=zeW·Ðztª, p}m¢ zt=p{¨|d}n¨ @=b{¨N¾p{\{= p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ N{w}N}m{¨ð ìø_{ zem{p{¨|Ñm{=Q} k}ø=T{o¶N{f½_{¨d}Ôd{¨. N{w{ H=_{ Dd{Ô_{¹p²¨d{¹b²d} N}p{T{¨Æd{¨. N{w}N}m{¨\{¨ N{w{d{¨ _{zezt¨âQ} k}ø=T{p{T{¨Æd{¨. N}ð N{w}N}m{¨\{¨ ÛzeW|ztp{¨ztÚnN{¨, ìø_}ðN¢ ÛzeVn N{ËzrðÌzr¨m}nN{¨ b{ªm{= N}N{ª\{b{¨. _{d{ N{w{ ÛzeW|Ûq¶l{¨zt¨âN¢ øðl²©Q¢=zei\¢d{ze¦Õ\¶ N{w}N}m{¨ð ìø_{= c{=l{¨= @p{¦_{¨=b{ð d} øq}ßzt=.

A N}m{^=T¶_{d¶ b¶q{p{¨|_{ ~en¨ze¦ Hze¦Õ\{¨ I m{ªze=Q} ød{p{çÆd} d} µtp{nd{m¢Õ=T{\}ðN¢ zt=~tÓb{¨\{¨Q}d¶ Dd}Ôd{¨.

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p{¨d{ W|ïl{¨ d}l{¨N{¨n¨ d}o¾ð µtp}k}p}ðÔ Q{¨Ðm¢=ç @d¶N{ m}VN¥l{¨ ztk{no¾ f}Ão¼d¶ @p{N}q{= N{öÕÐztªd¶ Dd}Ôm{¨. A=Ûc{ b¶q{=o¾ Vm¢Q¢d{ ztm¾ßb{l{¨ p{¨üztk{o¾ f}Ão¼d{\{= d} k}Q{Ú øq¶zrp¶¨.

Ûû N{d{©Q}=c¥, Ûû p¶p{¨¨n N{ªm{Ùl{¨Ú, Ûû B.S.p{¨©Ðm¢, Ûû EZ¨N{ªm¢ zt_{Úd}m}l{¨^ p²¨¨b{nQ{¨ zvm¢Vd{ d}l{¨N{¨n_¾ zvm¢Vd{ ztp{¨|W|no¾ f}Ão¼ð zvm¢Vd{ ztp{¨ztÚd{¨ u}d{¨k{ªî_¾ @Ñm{= T¶zt¨N¼d{Z|ðN¢ _{Q¢d{ Q¶l{¨|n¨ f}\¢ Dze=l{¨|u}n¨ T¶~t d} N{Ðm{p}ÚðÔ f}Z¡Ðzt¨d}Ôd{ð _{¬Ð~eze\{¨_{¨=Z|d{¨. b¶q{= u}ß_{=Û_{Ú= f»=b¢d{ _{m{¨p}_{ p{¨d{ k}m{_{ zt=zt¬Áîñ, N{w{nd{© øb¶ûl{¨¨n¨ @Ñm{= T¶zt¨N{¨d¶=b{¨N{¨ _{Q¢d{ @p{N}q}n¨ T}o| N{öQ¶l¨. p{¨¨OÚ=Q} p{¨d{ zt=Q¥_{= p{¨d{ p}b{Úp{¨¨n¨, p{¨d{ k{m{_{ d}ZÚ= øb¶ûl{¨¨n p{¨d{Ôd{n d{=b{¨N¼d}Ôl¨.

@l¨_¶ k}m{_{\¶q{ze¦ øøc{ zt=Q¥_{ m¥_{¨nd{¨ AN{ám{^¤l{¨=Q} øb¶q}no¾ Ûzeb{m¢à=T{p{n~td{ @p{ztm{= D=b¢. p{¨d{b¶q{=o¾ q}#£tl{¨ zt=Q¥_{= H=_{ @ôp{¬Ób¢ T²=b¢=b¾ "b¶ú" zt=Q¥_{=N{ª\} @=_{ @ôp{¬Ób¢ð f»=b¢=b¢. "b¶ú" zt=Q¥_{= u}~v_{ÚÛf}c}=l{¨= N{öQ¢ ÛzeW| ìø_}ðÔ ÛzeîzgöÐztª "Q{î" Ûzec}d{=Q} D=Z¨=b¢. B=_{p{m{N{ª øb¶ûl{¨¨n¨ p{¨d{ q}#£tl{¨ zt=Q¥_{= p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ øð Ad{=b¢=T{\}ðN¢ _{Q¢d{ @p{N}q{p{¨¨n¨ N{öÕ=T{i\{¨_{¨d}Ôl¨.

p{¨d{ ùc¢ k}Q{p{_{¨n¨, j¼p{¨Ùo|Zn¨, i¨æyN{a{n¨ ùZ¡N¢ N{ªm{Õi\¢d{ zt=Q¥_{=, p{¨d{ d}ZN}no¾ð zeb{Úze[{d{ øc}d{=, ÛQ}ù¨^ ìø_}ðÔ ÛzeîzgöÐzt¨d{Ô Ûf}ÐN{d{ zeb}n¨, E\{¨ze¦n f}Zn¨, d{©m{¨Õn f}Zn¨, T²N{Á k{Vd{n¨, ze\{p{ f}Zn¨, b{=ze¦w{ä f}Zn¨, o|ö f}Zn¨, W¾n f}Zn¨ p²¨¨b{¹o²d{ "b¶ú" zt=Q¥_{ m¥_{¨n¨ øb¶ûl{¨¨nd{¨ @ø¨_{=Q} AN{ám¢Ðu}l{¨ð d} d{p{¨ÙN{=. @l¨_¶ p}Z¡ð N{w}_{ÙN{=Q} Ûzeb{m¢à=T{\}ðN¢ Al{¨| zt=Q¥_{N}m{¨n l²¨\{n N{w}N}m{¨ðN¢ H=_¾ u}d{¨k{ªî @p{ztm{p{¨l¨ D=Z¨=b¢. @b{¬Ëzrp{q}Ð_{¨ d}N{¨ Al{¨| zt=Q¥_{ m¥_{¨nðÔZ¡_¾d{© H=_¾ ztðÔ~v_{ zt=i=c{= D=b¢. @î j}nÚ=d{¨=\¢ "b¶ú" zt=Q¥_{ Ûzek}p{=N{ª\} d}¹±ed{ H=_¾ D=b¢. p{¨¨OÚ=Q} A=Ûc{b¶q}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{ øøc{ zt=Q¥_{m¥_{¨nd{¨ øb¶q}no¾ AN{ám{^¤l{¨=Q} Ûzeb{m¢à=T{Q{nd{ð d{p{¨ÙN{= d}N{¨ D=b¢.

d} Aq{no¾ p{¨m¼N{ Ûzec}d{¹p²¨d{b¢ nö_{ zt=Q¥_{ ÛzeT}m}ðN¢ _{Q¢d{ f}[{q}n ðm¢Ù=zei\}nd¶b¢.

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b¶q{=o¾ q}#£tl{¨ zt=Q¥_{=o¾ ðV¹p²¨d{ _m{ztÊV_{_ ±e=f»=b¢=T{¨N¾p}n=Z· @=b{¨j}Z¨Q} D=\¶ nö_{ zt=Q¥_{ ÛzeT}m{=p{nd¶ Vm{¨Q{¨_{¨=b{ð d} øq}ßq{=. b¶q{= nö_{ zt=Q¥_{=l²¨¨N{Á Ap{q{ÚN{_{d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=ç=b¢. AN}q}p}^¡ nö_{ zt=Q¥_{ N}m{Úm{p{¨|nd{¨ l¶¨m}ÕZ¨ T¶Ðztªd¶ D=b¢. @l¨_¶ nö_{ zt=Q¥_{= @d{Ôb¢ I m²=\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ Ac{¨ðN{ N{p{¦n øs}b{ Q¶l{¨|o¾ f}\{\{=_¾ u}Ñm{N{p{¨p{b{¨.

nö_{ zt=Q¥_{ ÛzeT}m}ðN¢ N{w}q}nn¨ Ñu}~e=T{p{n~td{ @p{ztm{= D=b¢. Ûzek{¨_{ßp¶¨ Czeð T¶l{¨Q{nb{¨.

C N}m{ÚÛN{p{¨=o¾ d¶d{¨ Ûzek{¨_}ßðN¢ Dzel²©Q{ ze\{Q{nd{d¶ d} øq}ßzt=. Ûµep{¨p{¨©Ðm{¨n¨, ze«Vñl{¨¨n¨, p{¨| _{Þö_{=Û\{¨n, Q{¨m{¨p{¦n Aûm}ßb{ Ûzek}p{=_¾ d} N{Ðm{p}ÚðÔ k{øzrÚÐ_{¨o¾ u}Ñm{N{=Q} ðm{ß~v=T{Q{nd{d¶ AúÐzt¨d}Ôd{¨.